The estrogen-related receptor (ERR) gene is a member of the nuclear receptor subfamily. Previous studies have indicated that ERR plays important roles in regulating insect growth and development. How ERR is associated with ant caste specificities remains unclear. In this study， we attempted to identify the role of ERR in the regulation of different adult caste specificities of Polyrhachis vicina Roger. Significant variations were detected in the ants including PvERR expressions， some physiological indexes and morphological traits including survival rate， body weight， body length， head width and abdominal appearance by different techniques. The results revealed that when PvERR expressions is up-regulated， boundaries of the abdominal segments were indistinct on the ventral side of the abdomen in males. Down-regulation of PvERR expressions caused abdominal swelling in males and a distended ventral abdomen in females and workers. Variation in PvERR expressions led to a remarkable decline in ant survival rates， particularly for males. These results indicated that different caste adults appeared to have different degrees of sensitivity in physiological response and morphological changes caused by variation in PvERR expressions. Thus， our data demonstrate that PvERR plays an important role in regulating the different adult caste specificities of P. vicina.