Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are increasingly used for cellular drug delivery in both pro- and eukaryotic cells, and oligoarginines have attracted special attention. How arginine-rich CPPs translocate across the cell envelope, particularly for prokaryotes, is still unknown. Arginine-rich CPPs efficiently deliver antimicrobial peptide nucleic acid (PNA) to its intracellular mRNA target in bacteria. We show that resistance to PNA conjugated to an arginine-rich CPP in requires multiple genetic modifications and is specific for the CPP part and not to the PNA part. An integral part of the resistance was the constitutively activated Cpx-envelope stress response system (), which decreased the cytoplasmic membran... More
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are increasingly used for cellular drug delivery in both pro- and eukaryotic cells, and oligoarginines have attracted special attention. How arginine-rich CPPs translocate across the cell envelope, particularly for prokaryotes, is still unknown. Arginine-rich CPPs efficiently deliver antimicrobial peptide nucleic acid (PNA) to its intracellular mRNA target in bacteria. We show that resistance to PNA conjugated to an arginine-rich CPP in requires multiple genetic modifications and is specific for the CPP part and not to the PNA part. An integral part of the resistance was the constitutively activated Cpx-envelope stress response system (), which decreased the cytoplasmic membrane potential. This indicates an indirect energy-dependent uptake mechanism for antimicrobials conjugated to arginine-rich CPPs. In agreement, mutants showed low-level resistance to aminoglycosides and an arginine-rich CPP conjugated to a peptide targeting the DNA sliding clamp, i.e., similar uptake in for these antimicrobial compounds.
