1 Leucine, isoleucine, and valine are three essential branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) account 42 for 40-45 % of total essential amino acids. BCAA stimulates protein synthesis primarily in skeletal 43 muscles, and it can directly transport to circulatory blood stream bypassing the liver. Hence, a 44 protein enriched with BCAA is an important therapeutic target for the dietary treatment of chronic 45 liver disease. The present study is to design a synthetic protein enriched with BCAA and the 46 challenge is to maximize the BCAA content, keeping the balanced ratio of leucine, isoleucine, 47 valine - 2: 1: 1.2 as specified by WHO/UNU/FAO. Here, we turned the general concept of 48 homology modeling and tried to fi... More
1 Leucine, isoleucine, and valine are three essential branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) account 42 for 40-45 % of total essential amino acids. BCAA stimulates protein synthesis primarily in skeletal 43 muscles, and it can directly transport to circulatory blood stream bypassing the liver. Hence, a 44 protein enriched with BCAA is an important therapeutic target for the dietary treatment of chronic 45 liver disease. The present study is to design a synthetic protein enriched with BCAA and the 46 challenge is to maximize the BCAA content, keeping the balanced ratio of leucine, isoleucine, 47 valine - 2: 1: 1.2 as specified by WHO/UNU/FAO. Here, we turned the general concept of 48 homology modeling and tried to find a suitable scaffold (α-helix) to host an excess amount of 49 BCAA for increased stability and digestibility. A total of 50 protein models were constructed by 50 using SWISS-MODEL, Modeller 9.17, ProtParam tool, and allergen online tools. Out of 50 51 different protein models, protein model-50 was found to be best, which had a well-defined 3D 52 structure, good in silico digestibility, balanced ratio of BCAA and showed 65.57 % structure 53 identity to the template apo-bovine α-lactalbumin (1F6R). Templates search was performed 54 against PDB using PSI-BLAST, SWISS-MODEL, PROFUNC, I-TASSER, and ConSurf. The 55 secondary structure was predicted by PSSPred, PSIPRED, I-TASSER, PORTER, and SPIDER2. 56 The modeled structure of protein Model-50 was validated by PROCHECK, ERRAT, ProSA, and 57 QMEAN. COACH and ProFUNC tools were performed to determine the functional effects of 58 protein model-50. Overall, the BCAA was enriched from 22 to 56.4 % with the balanced ratio of 59 Leu: Ile: Val (2: 1: 1.2). The Ramachandran plot showed 97.7 % of the amino acid residues in 3 60 allowed regions with ERRAT score of 86.05. We have successfully modeled the complete three61 dimensional structure of the target protein model-50 using highly reputed computational tools.