It is important that bacterium can coordinately deliver several effectors into host cells to disturb the cellular progress during infection， however， the precise role of effectors in host cell cytosol remains to be resolved. In this study， we identified a new bacterial virulence effector from pathogenic Edwardsiella piscicida， which presents conserved crystal structure to thioredoxin family members and is defined as a thioredoxin-like protein (Trxlp). Unlike the classical bacterial thioredoxins， Trxlp can be translocated into host cells， mimicking endogenous thioredoxin to abrogate ASK1 homophilic interaction and phosphorylation， then suppressing the phosphorylation of downstream Erk1/2- and p38-MAPK signaling cascades. Moreover， Trxlp-mediated inhibition of ASK1-Erk/p38-MAPK axis promotes the pathogenesis of E. piscicida in zebrafish larvae infection model. Taken together， these data provide insights into the mechanism underlying the bacterial thioredoxin as a virulence effector in downmodulating the innate immune responses during E. piscicida infection.