Vaccination is considered crucial for the eradication of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In our medical center in Korea, most health care workers (HCWs) were vaccinated with the ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccine. After vaccination, many HCWs complained of adverse events (AEs). However, it remains unclear whether the production of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) was affected. Therefore, here, we aimed to evaluate AEs and early NAb production in relatively healthy Asians who received the ChAdOx1 vaccine and determine the effect of AEs and antipyretics on early NAb production against COVID-19. Of the 182 Korean HCWs who received the first dose of ChAdOx1 vaccine, 172 (94.5%) experienced ≥1 adverse events and 148 (81.3%) tested positive for NAb 33-40 days after the vaccination. NAb-positive vaccine recipients reported systemic AEs and consumed acetaminophen more frequently than NAb-negative recipients. We identified an association between antibody response and COVID-19 vaccine-related AEs. In conclusion, most ChAdOx1 vaccine recipients reported AEs in our medical center.