Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with multiple variants, which may be harmful to human health by absorption and bioaccumulation. To ensure food safety, it is necessary to develop multi-residue immunoassays for broad recognition of PCBs. In this study, by mimicking the generic core structure of PCBs, three haptens have been designed and synthesized for monoclonal antibody (mAb) generation. A carboxylic acid derivative of PCB80 was a hapten that induced a mAb with broad recognition of PCBs. The results of ELISA further identified that the mAb could recognize 11 different kinds of PCBs; half-maximal inhibition concentrations (IC) ranged from 33.12 to 476.42 ng/mL. Subsequently, using aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen) nanobeads as the tracer for the output signal, the IC value of the various PCBs was improved to 6.38-252.1 ng/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) varied from 0.32 to 42.15 ng/mL. Recoveries of 76.90-95.74% and intra-assay coefficients of variation of 8.5-14.4% were obtained with spiked chicken and crab meat samples. Matrix interference was eliminated by dilution, and no false-positive and false-negative results were observed. The developed assay provides a simple, broad-spectrum, and sensitive tool for detecting PCBs, with high-throughput possibilities for large-scale screening of PCBs in food.