Chinese kale ( var. ) is rich in carotenoids, and neoxanthin is one of the most important carotenoids in Chinese kale. In this study, the function of the neoxanthin synthase gene () in Chinese kale was investigated. , which had a 699-bp coding sequence, was cloned from the white flower cultivar of Chinese kale and was expressed in all developmental stages and organs of Chinese kale; its expression was highest in young seeds. The subcellular localization indicated that BoaNXS was localized in the chloroplast. -overexpressed plants were obtained via -mediated transient overexpression methodology, and the gene overexpression efficiencies ranged from 2.10- to 4.24-fold. The color in the leaves of -overexpressed plants changed from green to yellow-green; the content of total and individual carotenoids, such as neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and lutein, was significantly increased, and the expression levels of most carotenoid biosynthetic genes were notably increased. These findings indicated that is of vital importance in carotenoid biosynthesis in Chinese kale and could be used as a candidate gene for enriching the carotenoid accumulation and color of Chinese kale and other vegetables.