The mechanisms by which testicular functions decline with aging remain largely speculative. Our recent finding showed the importance of adiponectin in the regulation of testicular functions， whereas its concentration declines during male infertility. Thus， the aim of present study was to explore the potential role of adiponectin during aging. The changes in adiponectin， adiponectin-receptors， and insulin receptor proteins expression in the testis were evaluated and compared with the testicular parameters， mass， and testosterone level in the mice from early post-natal to late senescence period. Further， the current study has examined the effect of exogenous adiponectin treatment on testicular functions in aged mice. The results showed a significant decline in adiponectin/adiponectin-receptors expression simultaneously with a significant decline in testicular mass， insulin receptor expression and testosterone synthesis in the testis of aged mice. Exogenous treatment of adiponectin to aged mice resulted in marked improvements in testicular mass， histological features (cells proliferation)， insulin receptor expression， testicular glucose uptake， anti-oxidative enzymes activity and testosterone synthesis as compared with the control. Based on these findings， it may be concluded that a marked decline in adiponectin synthesis and action results in decreased insulin sensitivity (development of insulin resistance) and increased oxidative stress which consequently suppresses testicular functions during aging. This study further showed that treatment with adiponectin ameliorates reduced testicular functions by enhanced expression of insulin receptor in the testis of senescent mice. It is thus hypothesized that systemic adiponectin treatment could be a promising therapeutic strategy for improvement of testosterone production and sperm counts during aging.